Although most eating disorder sufferers are women, many men are also affected-for them, compulsive exercising and body building often become the main focus. Other estimates are even more shocking. The American Anorexia and Bulimia Association claims that every year in the USA a million women fall victim to anorexia and bulimia and 150,000 women die from anorexia. Every year! Eating disorders seem to be much more common in modern, industrialised societies especially the USA, Canada, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and South Africa-though the incidence is also increasing rapidly now in industrialised sections of less-developed nations. There is evidence that migrants from countries with a low incidence of eating disorders become more likely to develop an eating disorder after settling in their new country. In Australia, first generation descendants of migrants from Eastern Mediterranean countries have been found to be particularly high-risk group. Conservative estimates suggest that at any one time around 8,000 people are suffering with anorexia nervosa in New South Wales alone. Bulimia nervosa is known to be even more common than anorexia. The incidence in Australia ans New Zealand may be one of the highest, with their beach culture, and its associated emphasis on body-image, potentially being major factors in the development of anorexia and bulimia. The full-blown, diagnosed eating disorders are only the tip of the iceberg,however. What is especially disturbing is the dramatic increase in behaviours and thinking patterns that are just one step away from being an eating disorder but which are now becoming commonplace, especially in teenagers.
Many sufferers of anorexia and bulimia describe finding out about extreme dieting, starvation, vomiting and laxative abuse as supposed weight control methods from their school friends. These methods can appear very appealing at a time when the pressure to have the "perfect" body may never have been greater. Eventually this developes into the refusal to give up these methods for fear of losing "control" and getting fat. As the name indicates, eating disorders involve problems with eating-strictly limiting amount and types of food eaten, "losing control" and eating too much, or having to get rid of the food as soon as possible after it has been eaten. However, it is not only about eating. It is also about being unhappy with body shape, size or weight; and the destructive effect this has on self-esteem, relationships and ability to cope with life in general. How we think we look has become a crucial determinant of self-worth and happiness. In 1984, the US magazine "Glamour" conducted a survey through the University of Cincinnati which asked 33,000 women about their bodies. Seventy-five per cent considered themselves to be too fat, and 96 per cent said their weight affected how they felt about themselves. Almost half of them said losing weight would be a greater source of happiness than a relationship, success at work or hearing from an old friend. In a 1992 Cleo magazine survey of women and dieting over half of the respondents said they felt depressed about their weight, and 73 per cent felt envious about someone else's body every day.
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